Inheritance according to Qur?an

[Bajram Hoxhaj]

If we extend the calculation to allow up to 4 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, the possible choices for each of these heir types will increase. Let's update the calculation accordingly.

Breakdown of Choices with Up to 4 of Each Heir Type

Mother: 2 choices (included or not included).
Father: 2 choices (included or not included).
Daughters: 5 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 daughters).
Sons: 5 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 sons).
Spouse: 2 distinct types (wife or husband).
Sisters: 5 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 sisters).
Brothers: 5 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 brothers).

Calculating the Total Combinations

With this setup, the calculation becomes:
2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 2 × 5 × 5 =12,500

Now, to incorporate the distinctions across types of spouses and up to 4 children and siblings as distinct cases, we will multiply this base total by the possible variations for each category of heir type:
12,500 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 3,200,000

Final Answer
Therefore, with up to 4 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, and accounting for distinct cases with either a wife or husband, the total number of distinct inheritance cases is:

3,200,000

This is the comprehensive total for these expanded options.

It's obvious that when there is only one sole heir—such as a husband, wife, mother, father, daughter(s), son(s), sister(s), or brother(s)—that heir or group inherits everything according to the Qur'an and the sound advice given in the hadith below.

https://sunnah.com/nasai:3626
It was narrated from 'Amir bin Sa'd that his father said:

"I became ill with a sickness from which I later recovered. The Messenger of Allah came to visit me, and I said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I have a great deal of wealth and I have no heir except my daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my wealth in charity?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'Half?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'One-third?' He said: '(Give) one-third, and one-third is a lot. It is better to leave your heirs independent of means, than to leave them poor and holding out their hands to people.'"

Thus, two-thirds (2/3) of the remaining wealth—i.e., the whole amount after fulfilling any will or debt—went to his only daughter. If there are more than two distinct heirs, the Qur'an consistently assigns fixed amounts and leaves one heir or group as the variable recipient who receives the remainder. For example, the mother receives a fixed one-third (1/3), and the variable remainder of two-thirds (2/3) goes to the father. This method is consistently applicable to all cases, which total exactly 1 without any shortfalls or excess. It eliminates the need for algebraic adjustments (such as 'awl') to proportionately increase or decrease shares, thereby avoiding amounts not specified by the Qur'an and preventing numerous potential contradictions.

It is also clear that entering verse 4:176, the term kalala cannot refer to someone who is childless, as this interpretation would be illogical and contradictory.

1. Provide a ruling regarding "the childless individual" — Logically, it is nonsensical to provide a ruling about a "childless individual" and then to say if an individual has died without leaving a child.
2. Therefore, kalala can, in fact, refer to someone who has a child.

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Qur_anic_Term_Kalala/taQxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

An anonymous poet stated:
Surely, a father protects his offspring more fiercely,
‎ومولى الكلالة لا يغضب
while a patron (mawlá) l-kalālati does not gets angry.

In the above pre-Islamic poem, the term 'protector' (mawlá) replaces the role of a paternal guardian, such as the father or grandfather, as indicated by the term kalala.

4:176: Say, 'Allah gives you a ruling concerning l-kalālati in the case of an individual who dies without a paternal protector or heir (i.e., father/grandfather).' If he (individual) has no offspring heir..."

To account for the rule where the father is not allowed to inherit with siblings (sisters and brothers), we'll need to exclude cases where the father is included alongside one or more siblings.

[Emre_1974tr]

I translated my article with the machine. But of course machine translation can make many mistakes, but you can generally understand what I am talking about in my article.

Resolution of Heritage Verses

Each of the heritage verses, Nisa 11, 12 and 176, actually offers separate formulas for individual situations. In fact, each sentence in these verses mentions a separate situation and formula in its own right...

When I was researching it online, I saw that there were people who noticed and said that these three verses gave separate formulas in them. But as I said, not only the verse, but also every sentence in the verses also mentions a different situation and sharing in its own right. Each sentence is a separate list of heirs and the proportions they will receive.

Whoever's mentioned in the sentence, they're the only heirs. So either they're alive, or they're still being inherited, even if they're others.

Therefore, in fact, there is no ratio to each other, common formula, hunting, as the sects practice. In Nisa 11, for example, "If there are more than two women, they own two-thirds of what the deceased leaves." is a separate formula alone (if only girls are heirs and more than two girls, this rate applies, or else it is not in other stylish and circumstances).

And so the stones are in place. In any case, it's enough. Not only is there increased inheritance in some cases, but there is also who will be given this increased amount in light of the verses. (E.g. Verse 8 of Nisa...)

Now let's write verses Nisa 11, 12, and 176 describing this heritage share and then provide an example of analysis through one:

Nisa

4:11 God directs you regarding the inheritance of your children: "To the male shall be as that given to two females. If they are women, more than two, then they will have two thirds of what is inherited. And if she is only one, then she will have one half. And to his parents, each one of them shall have one sixth of what is inherited, if he has a child. If he has no child and his parents are the heirs, then to his mother is one third; if he has siblings then to his mother is one sixth. All after a will is carried through or a debt. Your parents and your children, you do not know which are closer to you in benefit, a directive from God, for God is Knowledgeable, Wise."

4:12 And for you is half of what your wives leave behind if they have no child; but if they have a child then to you is one quarter of what they leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And if a man or a woman who is being inherited has no ascendants, but has a brother or a sister, then to each one of them is one sixth, but if they are more than this then they are to share in one third. All after a will is carried through or a debt, which does not cause harm. A directive from God, and God is Knowledgeable, Compassionate.

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.

***

As an example, let's open up the information given in verse 11.

I have said that each of these verses, let alone each sentence in them, offer separate formulas for different situations. Let's present his analysis:

Nisa

11. "Allah advises you regarding your children: For the male, the share of two females."

That is, if the heirs consist of only children and there are both male and female children, male children will receive 2 units, while female ones will receive 1 unit.

Briefly, with an example, if there is 300 L. inheritance and a man and a woman have children, the male will receive 200 L. and the woman will receive 100 L.

"If they are more than two women, they have two-thirds of what the deceased left."

So if they only have daughters as inheritors and their number is more than two, they have two-thirds of the inheritance. Here I would like to draw your attention again; The desired here is for girls to receive two-thirds only and only in this case. Otherwise, there is no such share in other terms and conditions.
(By the way, considering the statement in verse 176, if the inheritors are 2 girls, these 2 people share two thirds).


If we continue with the 300 L. example, they only have girls and if they are more than two, they share 200 liras among them.

"If the child is just a woman, he owns half the inheritance."

As stated in the continuation sentence in the verse, if the deceased left only a single daughter  she could receive half of the inheritance.

Again, if we go over 300 Lira, 150 Lira means this one girl child.

"If the deceased has a child, he will have a sixth share for each of the parents as he left them behind."

We understand from this statement that this time the heir has left his parents behind as well as his children, and that's why they have a share (one sixth for each ...).

Of the 300 lira, 50 lira belongs to the mother, 50 lira to the father, and the remaining is the children.

"If the deceased has no children and his parents have inherited him, then his mother is one third."

In this sentence in Nisa 11 verse, it is mentioned that "only the mother and father are inheritors". So this time there are no children, only the parents of the deceased are inheritors (even if there are siblings or something left behind, they are not inheritors).

In this case, the mother received a third. Since the share rate is not given although the father is mentioned in the sentence, the remaining two thirds means your father.

In this case, the mother receives 100 Liras of 300 Liras, while the father receives 200 Liras.

"If he has siblings, his mother's share is one-sixth of what is left of his will and debt."

If the deceased has a mother but does not have a father and also has siblings, the share of the mother decreases to one in six. The rest are shared by the brothers. But let's repeat, if the father had also been the father, only the mother and father would have received the estate, and the siblings would not have their share ... (And as it is understood from the verses, if the deceased has a child, the siblings cannot get a share.)

Likewise, in verses 12 and 176, special cases and formulas are mentioned, sentence by sentence. For example, if the deceased left a spouse in verse 12, verse 176 tells how the division would be if only siblings / siblings left behind, and as I said, each sentence in these verses contains a list of heirs and a formula.

If you wish, let us briefly examine the verse 176 of Nisa in this context:

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.
Here, too, "if only siblings are heirs", it is explained what the proportions are and of course, each sentence offers a separate list and a separate formula:

If the heir is only 1 sister, half of the inheritance,
If the heir is 1 brother, he takes all of the inheritance,
If 2 sisters are heirs, they get two-thirds,
If only the siblings are inheritors and they are men and women, that is, of both sexes, they share the entire estate as one (female) and two (male).

By the way, we indirectly understand from these verses that if there are only many brothers left, these sisters will receive the entire inheritance, or if there are more than two sisters (referring to verse 11), these sisters will receive two-thirds of the inheritance (equally divided among themselves).

If you read verses 11 and 176 of Nisa one after the other, you will see that the rates given to boys and girls only when children are inheritors in verse 11 are exactly the same as those given to brothers and sisters when only brothers are inheritors in verse 176.

(Incidentally, let us state that the siblings mentioned in one sentence of Nisa 12 verse and the deceased's spouse are the heirs. But in this verse 176, "only brothers" are heirs.)

In summary: In verse 11, there is no spouse, while in verse 12, there is a spouse, verse 176 tells how to make a taksim when there are only brothers/sisters.

***

And as it is known, what is essential is the testament according to the verses, and these rates are for the division of the remaining property after the will is fulfilled and the debts, if any, are paid.

As you can see, there are none of the problems such as insufficient inheritance or courtyard. The verses describe the sharing of heritage in a flawless manner. The important point here is to be able to see that each sentence gives a separate formula according to a separate list of heirs. In other words, each sentence in the verses gives a unique list of heirs and tells what the heirs will receive in this case.

While solving problems related to inheritance sharing, it is checked who the surviving heirs are, and the inheritance is divided by determining which sentence of the verses related to inheritance.

As an example, let's solve the question involving 3 famous girl heirs.

"A man dies and leaves behind a mother, a father, three daughters and a wife. How will the heritage be shared? ".

Since both the spouse and the children are inheritors here, the fourth sentence of Nisa 12 verse describes the relevant section (each sentence of this verse describes what should be done if there is a surviving spouse):

". And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind"

According to this sentence, if the man leaves his wife behind and has children, only these people can be inheritors. His wife gets one eighth of the estate, and the children get seven eight . Even if the deceased has a mother, father or siblings, he cannot get a share in this case.


***

As I said, each sentence gives a separate heir list and formula, and as you can see, inheritance is always enough.

Increasing inheritance is in question only in some cases, again, as I mentioned at the beginning of my article, there are verses containing signs that show who this increased heritage can be given ... For example:

4:8 And if the distribution is attended by the relatives and the orphans and the needy, then you shall give them part of it and say to them a kind saying.

http://emre1974tr.blogspot.com/2014/08/miras-ayetlerinin-cozumu.html

In summary: Verse 11 explains how the inheritance is distributed when the deceased has no spouse, verse 12 describes the distribution when the deceased has spouse, and verse 176 details how it is done when only siblings are left. As can be seen, the Holy Quran explains how to distribute inheritance perfectly in every situation and combination. In every condition and circumstance, the inheritance is always sufficient for all heirs. Please also share the French translation of my writing so this truth can reach even more people worldwide:


Solution des Versets d'Héritage

Les versets d'héritage dans la sourate An-Nisa 11, 12 et 176 présentent en réalité des formules distinctes pour des situations différentes. En fait, chaque phrase de ces versets mentionne des cas particuliers et fournit une formule spécifique pour chacun...

En explorant sur Internet, j'ai trouvé des gens qui ont remarqué et mentionné que ces trois versets présentent chacun une formule unique. Cependant, comme je l'ai souligné, chaque phrase des versets décrit également un partage distinct. Chaque phrase donne une liste spécifique d'héritiers avec leurs parts.

Les personnes mentionnées dans chaque phrase sont donc les seuls héritiers. Cela signifie soit qu'elles sont les seules en vie, soit que, même s'il y en a d'autres, seules ces personnes sont éligibles à l'héritage.

Par conséquent, il n'y a pas de pourcentages mutuels ou de formules communes, ni de concept de partage comme celui appliqué par certaines écoles. Par exemple, dans le verset 11 de la sourate An-Nisa, l'expression « si elles sont plus de deux filles, elles auront les deux tiers de ce qu'il laisse » constitue une formule indépendante (elle s'applique seulement si les héritiers sont uniquement des filles et qu'il y en a plus de deux, sinon cette part ne s'applique pas).

Ainsi, tout est clarifié. Dans chaque cas, l'héritage est suffisant. Dans certains cas, il reste un surplus, mais les versets indiquent également à qui attribuer ce surplus. (Par exemple, le verset 8 de la sourate An-Nisa...)

Voyons maintenant les versets 11, 12 et 176 de la sourate An-Nisa, qui exposent ce partage d'héritage, puis prenons un exemple de résolution :

Sourate An-Nisa

11. "Allah vous enjoint au sujet de vos enfants : au fils une part équivalente à celle de deux filles. S'il y a plus de deux filles, elles auront les deux tiers de ce qu'il laisse. S'il n'y a qu'une seule fille, elle a la moitié. Quant aux parents, chacun d'eux a droit au sixième de ce qu'il laisse, s'il a des enfants. Mais s'il n'a pas d'enfants et que ses parents soient ses seuls héritiers, la mère a le tiers. S'il a des frères, la mère a un sixième après exécution des dispositions testamentaires et paiement des dettes. Vous ne savez pas qui de vos ascendants ou de vos descendants vous est plus utile. C'est un ordre d'Allah. Allah est Omniscient et Sage."

12. "A vous la moitié de ce que laissent vos épouses, si elles n'ont pas d'enfants. Si elles ont des enfants, le quart de ce qu'elles laissent après exécution de leurs dispositions testamentaires et paiement des dettes vous revient. A elles le quart de ce que vous laissez, si vous n'avez pas d'enfants. Si vous avez des enfants, elles ont droit au huitième après exécution des dispositions testamentaires et paiement des dettes. Si la personne qui hérite est un homme ou une femme sans ascendants ni descendants, mais qui a un frère ou une sœur, chacun d'eux a droit au sixième. S'ils sont plus nombreux, ils se partagent le tiers après exécution des dispositions testamentaires et paiement des dettes, sans préjudice pour personne. C'est un ordre d'Allah. Allah est Omniscient et Clément."

176. "Ils te demandent un avis. Dis : 'Allah vous donne un avis au sujet de la personne qui meurt sans ascendants ni descendants. Si un homme meurt sans enfant et qu'il ait une sœur, elle a la moitié de ce qu'il laisse. Quant à lui, il hérite de sa sœur entière si elle meurt sans enfant. S'il a deux sœurs, elles ont les deux tiers de ce qu'il laisse. S'il a des frères et sœurs, à l'homme une part équivalente à celle de deux femmes.' Allah vous explique clairement afin que vous ne vous égariez pas. Allah est Omniscient."

Prenons par exemple les informations données dans le verset 11.

Chaque verset, et même chaque phrase, propose des formules pour des situations spécifiques. Voici une analyse détaillée :

Sourate An-Nisa

11. "Allah vous enjoint au sujet de vos enfants : au fils une part équivalente à celle de deux filles."
Autrement dit, si les héritiers se composent uniquement des enfants, et qu'il y a à la fois des garçons et des filles, chaque garçon recevra une part équivalente à celle de deux filles.

Prenons un exemple simple : si l'héritage s'élève à 300 unités et qu'il y a un garçon et une fille, le garçon recevra 200 unités et la fille 100 unités.

"Si elles sont plus de deux filles, elles auront les deux tiers de ce qu'il laisse."

Cela signifie que si les héritiers sont uniquement des filles et qu'elles sont plus de deux, elles reçoivent les deux tiers de l'héritage. Je précise encore une fois que cette règle s'applique uniquement dans ce cas précis, sinon elle ne s'applique pas. (En tenant compte du verset 176, si les héritiers sont deux filles, elles se partagent aussi les deux tiers.)

Avec l'exemple de 300 unités, si les héritières sont uniquement des filles et qu'elles sont plus de deux, elles se partagent les deux tiers, soit 200 unités.

"S'il n'y a qu'une seule fille, elle a la moitié."

Comme indiqué dans cette phrase, si le défunt laisse derrière lui une seule fille, elle reçoit la moitié de l'héritage.

Si l'héritage est de 300 unités, cette fille unique reçoit donc 150 unités.

"Quant aux parents, chacun d'eux a droit au sixième de ce qu'il laisse, s'il a des enfants."

De cette expression, nous comprenons que cette fois-ci, le défunt a laissé derrière lui non seulement ses enfants, mais aussi sa mère et son père, et qu'ils ont donc également droit à une part (un sixième chacun...).

Sur un montant de 300 lires, 50 lires vont à la mère, 50 lires au père, et le reste est pour les enfants.

"Si le défunt n'a pas d'enfant et que ses héritiers sont ses parents, alors la mère a droit à un tiers."

Dans cette phrase du verset 11 de la sourate An-Nisa, il est question de la situation où "seuls la mère et le père sont héritiers." Autrement dit, cette fois, il n'y a pas d'enfants, et seuls la mère et le père du défunt sont héritiers (même si d'autres frères et sœurs sont présents, ils ne sont pas considérés comme héritiers).

Dans ce cas, la mère reçoit un tiers. Bien que le père soit mentionné dans la phrase, aucun pourcentage n'est donné pour lui, donc les deux tiers restants reviennent au père.

Dans cette situation, la mère reçoit 100 lires sur les 300 lires, tandis que le père en reçoit 200.

"S'il a des frères, alors la part de sa mère est d'un sixième de ce qui reste après l'exécution de son testament et le paiement de ses dettes."

Si le défunt a une mère mais pas de père, et qu'il a également des frères, la part de la mère est réduite à un sixième. Le reste est partagé entre les frères. Mais rappelons que si le père était également en vie, seuls la mère et le père auraient pris l'héritage, et les frères n'auraient pas eu de part... (et d'après les versets, si le défunt a des enfants, les frères ne peuvent pas non plus hériter).

De la même manière, les versets 12 et 176 traitent également, phrase par phrase, de situations et de formules spécifiques. Par exemple, le verset 12 explique comment se fait la répartition si le défunt laisse un conjoint, et le verset 176 explique comment elle se fait s'il laisse uniquement des frères ou des sœurs, chaque phrase de ces versets constituant une liste et une formule pour les héritiers.

Examinons brièvement le verset 176 de la sourate An-Nisa dans ce contexte :

176. Ils te demandent un avis juridique. Dis : "Allah vous donne un avis juridique sur celui qui décède sans père ni enfant : si un homme meurt et qu'il a une sœur, elle a droit à la moitié de son héritage. Quant à l'homme qui hérite d'une sœur décédée sans enfant, il reçoit la totalité de son héritage. S'il y a deux sœurs, elles reçoivent les deux tiers de l'héritage. Et s'il y a plusieurs frères et sœurs, alors un frère reçoit une part équivalente à celle de deux sœurs." Allah vous explique clairement pour que vous ne vous égariez pas. Allah sait toutes choses.
Ici aussi, lorsque "seuls les frères et sœurs sont héritiers," les proportions sont expliquées, et chaque phrase propose à nouveau une liste distincte et une formule séparée :

Si une seule sœur est héritière, elle reçoit la moitié de l'héritage. Si un seul frère est héritier, il reçoit la totalité. Si deux sœurs sont héritières, elles reçoivent les deux tiers de l'héritage. Si les héritiers sont uniquement des frères et sœurs de sexe mixte, ils se partagent l'héritage en donnant à un frère une part égale à celle de deux sœurs.

Par ailleurs, si seuls plusieurs frères subsistent, ils héritent de la totalité, et si plus de deux sœurs survivent (en s'appuyant sur le verset 11), elles reçoivent les deux tiers, qu'elles partagent à parts égales.

Si vous lisez les versets 11 et 176 ensemble, vous verrez que les proportions pour les enfants héritiers dans le verset 11 et pour les frères et sœurs dans le verset 176 sont exactement les mêmes.

(Il est également important de noter que le verset 12 de la sourate An-Nisa mentionne les frères et le conjoint du défunt comme héritiers, tandis que dans le verset 176, seuls les frères et sœurs héritent.)

En résumé : le verset 11 traite de la répartition sans conjoint, le verset 12 avec conjoint, et le verset 176 uniquement avec des frères et sœurs...

Et, comme cela est bien connu, selon les versets, le testament est primordial, et ces proportions s'appliquent après l'exécution du testament et le paiement des dettes, le cas échéant.

On voit donc qu'il n'y a pas de manque d'héritage, ni de problème de division, etc. Les versets décrivent la répartition de l'héritage de manière parfaite. Il est important de comprendre que chaque phrase constitue une liste distincte d'héritiers et une formule distincte. Autrement dit, chaque phrase des versets présente une liste unique d'héritiers et explique ce que chaque héritier doit recevoir.

Lors de la résolution des questions de répartition de l'héritage, on détermine d'abord qui sont les héritiers restants, puis on identifie quelle phrase des versets d'héritage correspond à cette situation pour effectuer la répartition.

Prenons par exemple cette fameuse question contenant trois filles héritières :

"Un homme décède et laisse derrière lui une mère, un père, trois filles et un conjoint. Comment l'héritage sera-t-il réparti ?"

Puisque à la fois le conjoint et les enfants sont héritiers, la quatrième phrase du verset 12 de la sourate An-Nisa décrit la répartition pertinente (chaque phrase de ce verset explique déjà les démarches à suivre lorsque le défunt laisse un conjoint) :

"Si vous avez un enfant, alors, après exécution de votre testament et paiement de vos dettes, un huitième de ce qui reste revient à vos épouses."

Selon cette phrase, si l'homme laisse derrière lui son épouse et ses enfants, seuls ces derniers peuvent être héritiers. L'épouse reçoit un huitième de l'héritage, et les sept huitièmes restants reviennent aux enfants. Même si le défunt a laissé une mère, un père ou des frères, ceux-ci ne peuvent prétendre à aucune part dans ce cas.

Comme je l'ai dit, chaque phrase fournit une liste distincte d'héritiers et une formule de répartition, et comme on peut le constater, l'héritage est toujours suffisant.

Dans certains cas, un surplus d'héritage peut subsister. Comme je l'ai mentionné au début de ce texte, il existe des versets qui indiquent à qui ce surplus peut être attribué. Par exemple :

An-Nisa 8 : "Si, lors de la répartition de l'héritage, des parents, des orphelins ou des pauvres sont présents, accordez-leur une part de celui-ci et adressez-leur des paroles aimables et bienveillantes."


Paix et amitiés

[Bajram Hoxhaj]

It's obvious that when there is only one sole heir—such as a husband, wife, mother, father, daughter(s), son(s), sister(s), or brother(s)—that heir or group inherits everything according to the Qur'an and the sound advice given in the hadith below.

https://sunnah.com/nasai:3626
It was narrated from 'Amir bin Sa'd that his father said:

"I became ill with a sickness from which I later recovered. The Messenger of Allah came to visit me, and I said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I have a great deal of wealth and I have no heir except my daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my wealth in charity?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'Half?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'One-third?' He said: '(Give) one-third, and one-third is a lot. It is better to leave your heirs independent of means, than to leave them poor and holding out their hands to people.'"

Thus, two-thirds (2/3) of the remaining wealth—i.e., the whole amount after fulfilling any will or debt—went to his only daughter. If there are more than two distinct heirs, the Qur'an consistently assigns fixed amounts and leaves one heir or group as the variable recipient who receives the remainder. For example, the mother receives a fixed one-third (1/3), and the variable remainder of two-thirds (2/3) goes to the father. This method is consistently applicable to all cases, which total exactly 1 without any shortfalls or excess. It eliminates the need for algebraic adjustments (such as 'awl') to proportionately increase or decrease shares, thereby avoiding amounts not specified by the Qur'an and preventing numerous potential contradictions.

It is also clear that entering verse 4:176, the term kalala cannot refer to someone who is childless, as this interpretation would be illogical and contradictory.

1. Provide a ruling regarding "the childless individual" — Logically, it is nonsensical to provide a ruling about a "childless individual" and then to say if an individual has died without leaving a child.
2. Therefore, kalala can, in fact, refer to someone who has a child.

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Qur_anic_Term_Kalala/taQxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

An anonymous poet stated:
Surely, a father protects his offspring more fiercely,
‎ومولى الكلالة لا يغضب
while a patron (mawlá) l-kalālati does not gets angry.

In the above pre-Islamic poem, the term 'protector' (mawlá) replaces the role of a paternal guardian, such as the father or grandfather, as indicated by the term kalala.

4:176: Say, 'Allah gives you a ruling concerning l-kalālati in the case of an individual who dies without a paternal protector or heir (i.e., father/grandfather).' If he (individual) has no offspring heir..."

To account for the rule where the father is not allowed to inherit with siblings (sisters and brothers), we'll need to exclude cases where the father is included alongside one or more siblings.

If we extend the calculation to allow up to 6 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, the possible choices for each of these heir types will increase. Let's update the calculation accordingly.

Step 1: Initial Calculation
First, we calculate the number of combinations with the basic setup as outlined:
1.    Mother: 2 choices (included or not included)
2.    Father: 2 choices (included or not included)
3.    Daughters: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 daughters)
4.    Sons: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sons)
5.    Spouse: 2 choices (either wife or husband, considered as distinct types)
6.    Sisters: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sisters)
7.    Brothers: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 brothers)

So, the calculation for this setup would be:

2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 2 × 7 × 7 = 19,2082

Step 2: Expanding for Distinctions
To account for the distinctions in each category of heir types with up to 6 children and siblings, we multiply by additional factors:
•    For daughters (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For sons (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For sisters (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For brothers (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6

Thus, we multiply the base total of 19,208 by these factors:

19,208 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 24,892,608

Final Total
With up to 6 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, and accounting for distinct cases of wife or husband as spouses, the final total is:

Total cases = 24,892,608

Here are only a few cases of the total to illustrate:

4:11 instructed you (pl.) Allah in offspring yours
to the male similar portion (fortune) the females two

(Note: The above requires minimum two females present)

2 daughters, 1+ sons (2.0x to males)

1/2 two daughters (1/4 each) + 1/2 one son = 1
1/3 two daughters (1/6 each) + 2/3 two sons (1/3 each) = 1
1/4 two daughters (1/8 each) + 3/4 three sons (1/4 each) = 1
1/5 two daughters (1/10 each) + 4/5 four sons (1/5 each) = 1
1/6 two daughters (1/12 each) + 5/6 five sons (1/6 each) = 1
1/7 two daughters (1/14 each) + 6/7 six sons (1/7 each) = 1

4:11 so if they are (f/pl.) womenfolk above two (3+)
so for them (f/pl.) third dual (2/3) mā/what left

3+ daughters, 1+ sons (1.5x, 2.0x, 2.5x, 3.0x, etc.)

2/3 three daughters (2/9 each) + 1/3 one son (1.5x to male/s) = 1
1/2 three daughters (1/6 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 1.5x) = 1
2/5 three daughters (2/15 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 1.5x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 four daughters (1/6 each) + 1/3 one son (2.0x to male/s) = 1
1/2 four daughters (1/8 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 2.0x) = 1
2/5 four daughters (1/10 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 2.0x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 five daughters (2/15 each) + 1/3 one son (2.5x to male/s) = 1
1/2 five daughters (1/10 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 2.5x) = 1
2/5 five daughters (2/25 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 2.5x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 six daughters (1/9 each) + 1/3 one son (3.0x to male/s) = 1
1/2 six daughters (1/12 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 3.0x) = 1
2/5 six daughters (1/15 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 3.0x) = 1
and so forth ...

4:11 and if she is one (female), so for her the half (1/2)

1 daughter, 1+ sons (1.0x share equally)

1/2 one daughter + 1/2 one son = 1
1/3 one daughter + 2/3 two sons (1/3 each) = 1
1/4 one daughter + 3/4 three sons (1/4 each) = 1
1/5 one daughter + 4/5 four sons (1/5 each) = 1
1/6 one daughter + 5/6 five sons (1/6 each) = 1
1/7 one daughter + 6/7 six sons (1/7 each) = 1

[Emre_1974tr]

I translated my article with the machine. But of course machine translation can make many mistakes, but you can generally understand what I am talking about in my article.

Resolution of Heritage Verses

Each of the heritage verses, Nisa 11, 12 and 176, actually offers separate formulas for individual situations. In fact, each sentence in these verses mentions a separate situation and formula in its own right...

When I was researching it online, I saw that there were people who noticed and said that these three verses gave separate formulas in them. But as I said, not only the verse, but also every sentence in the verses also mentions a different situation and sharing in its own right. Each sentence is a separate list of heirs and the proportions they will receive.

Whoever's mentioned in the sentence, they're the only heirs. So either they're alive, or they're still being inherited, even if they're others.

Therefore, in fact, there is no ratio to each other, common formula, hunting, as the sects practice. In Nisa 11, for example, "If there are more than two women, they own two-thirds of what the deceased leaves." is a separate formula alone (if only girls are heirs and more than two girls, this rate applies, or else it is not in other stylish and circumstances).

And so the stones are in place. In any case, it's enough. Not only is there increased inheritance in some cases, but there is also who will be given this increased amount in light of the verses. (E.g. Verse 8 of Nisa...)

Now let's write verses Nisa 11, 12, and 176 describing this heritage share and then provide an example of analysis through one:

Nisa

4:11 God directs you regarding the inheritance of your children: "To the male shall be as that given to two females. If they are women, more than two, then they will have two thirds of what is inherited. And if she is only one, then she will have one half. And to his parents, each one of them shall have one sixth of what is inherited, if he has a child. If he has no child and his parents are the heirs, then to his mother is one third; if he has siblings then to his mother is one sixth. All after a will is carried through or a debt. Your parents and your children, you do not know which are closer to you in benefit, a directive from God, for God is Knowledgeable, Wise."

4:12 And for you is half of what your wives leave behind if they have no child; but if they have a child then to you is one quarter of what they leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And if a man or a woman who is being inherited has no ascendants, but has a brother or a sister, then to each one of them is one sixth, but if they are more than this then they are to share in one third. All after a will is carried through or a debt, which does not cause harm. A directive from God, and God is Knowledgeable, Compassionate.

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.

***

As an example, let's open up the information given in verse 11.

I have said that each of these verses, let alone each sentence in them, offer separate formulas for different situations. Let's present his analysis:

Nisa

11. "Allah advises you regarding your children: For the male, the share of two females."

That is, if the heirs consist of only children and there are both male and female children, male children will receive 2 units, while female ones will receive 1 unit.

Briefly, with an example, if there is 300 L. inheritance and a man and a woman have children, the male will receive 200 L. and the woman will receive 100 L.

"If they are more than two women, they have two-thirds of what the deceased left."

So if they only have daughters as inheritors and their number is more than two, they have two-thirds of the inheritance. Here I would like to draw your attention again; The desired here is for girls to receive two-thirds only and only in this case. Otherwise, there is no such share in other terms and conditions.
(By the way, considering the statement in verse 176, if the inheritors are 2 girls, these 2 people share two thirds).


If we continue with the 300 L. example, they only have girls and if they are more than two, they share 200 liras among them.

"If the child is just a woman, he owns half the inheritance."

As stated in the continuation sentence in the verse, if the deceased left only a single daughter  she could receive half of the inheritance.

Again, if we go over 300 Lira, 150 Lira means this one girl child.

"If the deceased has a child, he will have a sixth share for each of the parents as he left them behind."

We understand from this statement that this time the heir has left his parents behind as well as his children, and that's why they have a share (one sixth for each ...).

Of the 300 lira, 50 lira belongs to the mother, 50 lira to the father, and the remaining is the children.

"If the deceased has no children and his parents have inherited him, then his mother is one third."

In this sentence in Nisa 11 verse, it is mentioned that "only the mother and father are inheritors". So this time there are no children, only the parents of the deceased are inheritors (even if there are siblings or something left behind, they are not inheritors).

In this case, the mother received a third. Since the share rate is not given although the father is mentioned in the sentence, the remaining two thirds means your father.

In this case, the mother receives 100 Liras of 300 Liras, while the father receives 200 Liras.

"If he has siblings, his mother's share is one-sixth of what is left of his will and debt."

If the deceased has a mother but does not have a father and also has siblings, the share of the mother decreases to one in six. The rest are shared by the brothers. But let's repeat, if the father had also been the father, only the mother and father would have received the estate, and the siblings would not have their share ... (And as it is understood from the verses, if the deceased has a child, the siblings cannot get a share.)

Likewise, in verses 12 and 176, special cases and formulas are mentioned, sentence by sentence. For example, if the deceased left a spouse in verse 12, verse 176 tells how the division would be if only siblings / siblings left behind, and as I said, each sentence in these verses contains a list of heirs and a formula.

If you wish, let us briefly examine the verse 176 of Nisa in this context:

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.
Here, too, "if only siblings are heirs", it is explained what the proportions are and of course, each sentence offers a separate list and a separate formula:

If the heir is only 1 sister, half of the inheritance,
If the heir is 1 brother, he takes all of the inheritance,
If 2 sisters are heirs, they get two-thirds,
If only the siblings are inheritors and they are men and women, that is, of both sexes, they share the entire estate as one (female) and two (male).

By the way, we indirectly understand from these verses that if there are only many brothers left, these sisters will receive the entire inheritance, or if there are more than two sisters (referring to verse 11), these sisters will receive two-thirds of the inheritance (equally divided among themselves).

If you read verses 11 and 176 of Nisa one after the other, you will see that the rates given to boys and girls only when children are inheritors in verse 11 are exactly the same as those given to brothers and sisters when only brothers are inheritors in verse 176.

(Incidentally, let us state that the siblings mentioned in one sentence of Nisa 12 verse and the deceased's spouse are the heirs. But in this verse 176, "only brothers" are heirs.)

In summary: In verse 11, there is no spouse, while in verse 12, there is a spouse, verse 176 tells how to make a taksim when there are only brothers/sisters.

***

And as it is known, what is essential is the testament according to the verses, and these rates are for the division of the remaining property after the will is fulfilled and the debts, if any, are paid.

As you can see, there are none of the problems such as insufficient inheritance or courtyard. The verses describe the sharing of heritage in a flawless manner. The important point here is to be able to see that each sentence gives a separate formula according to a separate list of heirs. In other words, each sentence in the verses gives a unique list of heirs and tells what the heirs will receive in this case.

While solving problems related to inheritance sharing, it is checked who the surviving heirs are, and the inheritance is divided by determining which sentence of the verses related to inheritance.

As an example, let's solve the question involving 3 famous girl heirs.

"A man dies and leaves behind a mother, a father, three daughters and a wife. How will the heritage be shared? ".

Since both the spouse and the children are inheritors here, the fourth sentence of Nisa 12 verse describes the relevant section (each sentence of this verse describes what should be done if there is a surviving spouse):

". And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind"

According to this sentence, if the man leaves his wife behind and has children, only these people can be inheritors. His wife gets one eighth of the estate, and the children get seven eight . Even if the deceased has a mother, father or siblings, he cannot get a share in this case.


***

As I said, each sentence gives a separate heir list and formula, and as you can see, inheritance is always enough.

Increasing inheritance is in question only in some cases, again, as I mentioned at the beginning of my article, there are verses containing signs that show who this increased heritage can be given ... For example:

4:8 And if the distribution is attended by the relatives and the orphans and the needy, then you shall give them part of it and say to them a kind saying.

http://emre1974tr.blogspot.com/2014/08/miras-ayetlerinin-cozumu.html

In summary: Verse 11 describes the distribution when the deceased has no spouse, verse 12 addresses the division when there is spouse, and verse 176 explains how to proceed when the deceased has only siblings as heirs. As can be seen, the Holy Quran explains how to distribute inheritance perfectly in every situation and combination. In every condition and circumstance, the inheritance is always sufficient for all heirs. Please also share the Italian translation of my writing so this truth can reach even more people worldwide:


La Risoluzione dei Versetti sull'Eredità

I versetti sull'eredità, ossia Nisa 11, 12 e 176, offrono in realtà formule diverse per situazioni separate. Ogni frase di questi versetti descrive una situazione e una formula specifica...

Facendo ricerche su internet, ho trovato persone che hanno notato e affermato che questi tre versetti offrono ciascuno una formula distinta. Tuttavia, come detto, non solo il versetto, ma anche ogni frase al suo interno menziona una situazione e una divisione separate. Ogni frase presenta una lista distinta di eredi e le loro rispettive quote.

Nella frase vengono menzionate solo le persone che hanno diritto all'eredità. Questo significa che o solo loro sono in vita, oppure, anche se ci sono altri, solo questi hanno diritto all'eredità.

Di conseguenza, non ci sono proporzioni comuni, formule condivise o aggiustamenti come l'"awliyya" (riporto) che vengono applicati dai madhhab (scuole giuridiche). Ad esempio, in Nisa 11 si dice: "Se sono più di due figlie, hanno i due terzi di ciò che ha lasciato il defunto." Questa è una formula autonoma (vale solo se le eredi sono esclusivamente figlie e ce ne sono più di due; altrimenti, non è applicabile).

Così ogni cosa trova il suo posto e, in ogni caso, l'eredità è sufficiente. Solo in alcuni casi può avanzare dell'eredità, e in questi casi, sempre alla luce dei versetti, si può determinare a chi spetti (come ad esempio nel versetto Nisa 8...).

Ora, scriviamo i versetti sull'eredità, ossia Nisa 11, 12 e 176, e poi forniamo un esempio di risoluzione su uno di essi:

Nisa

11. Allah vi raccomanda riguardo ai vostri figli: a un maschio spetta la parte di due femmine. Se sono più di due femmine, spetta loro i due terzi di ciò che il defunto ha lasciato. Se c'è una sola figlia, ha metà dell'eredità. Se il defunto ha figli, ai genitori spettano ciascuno un sesto di ciò che ha lasciato. Se non ha figli e i suoi eredi sono i genitori, allora alla madre spetta un terzo. Se ha fratelli, alla madre spetta un sesto di ciò che resta dopo aver eseguito i lasciti e saldato i debiti. Vostri padri e vostri figli: non sapete chi tra essi vi sia più vicino per beneficio. Questo è il comandamento di Allah. Allah è sapiente, sapiente in ogni cosa.

12. La metà di ciò che lasciano le vostre mogli è vostra, se non hanno figli. Se hanno figli, un quarto di ciò che hanno lasciato è vostro dopo aver eseguito i lasciti e saldato i debiti. Se non avete figli, un quarto di ciò che lasciate è delle vostre mogli. Se avete figli, un ottavo di ciò che lasciate è delle vostre mogli dopo aver eseguito i lasciti e saldato i debiti. Se un uomo o una donna muoiono senza genitori e figli e hanno un fratello o una sorella, ciascuno di essi riceve un sesto. Se sono più di due, si dividono un terzo dopo aver eseguito i lasciti e saldato i debiti, senza arrecare danno ad alcuno. Questo è il comandamento di Allah. Allah è sapiente, indulgente.

176. Ti chiedono un parere legale. Di': "Allah vi dà il suo parere legale riguardo a una persona senza genitori né figli: se un uomo muore senza figli ma con una sorella, a lei spetta metà dell'eredità. Se è la sorella a morire senza figli, egli è suo unico erede. Se ci sono due sorelle, spetta loro due terzi dell'eredità. Se ci sono fratelli e sorelle, allora al maschio spettano due parti e alla femmina una." Allah vi spiega chiaramente affinché non vi allontaniate dalla verità. Allah conosce tutto.

Esempio: Analisi dei dettagli del versetto 11.

Ho detto che ciascuno di questi versetti, e persino ogni frase al loro interno, presenta formule distinte per situazioni specifiche. Esaminiamo il contenuto:

Nisa

11. "Allah vi raccomanda riguardo ai vostri figli: a un maschio spetta la parte di due femmine."
Ciò significa che se gli eredi sono solo figli e ci sono sia figli maschi sia femmine, ai maschi spettano due parti mentre alle femmine una.

Ad esempio, se l'eredità è di 300 L e ci sono un figlio maschio e una figlia, il maschio riceverà 200 L mentre la femmina riceverà 100 L.

"E se ci sono più di due donne, due terzi dell'eredità del defunto spettano a loro."

Quindi, se ci sono solo figlie come eredi e sono più di due, i due terzi dell'eredità appartengono a loro. Vorrei sottolineare che questa regola di assegnare due terzi alle figlie si applica esclusivamente in questo caso specifico. In altre condizioni e situazioni, tale quota non è applicabile. (Inoltre, considerando l'espressione del versetto 176, se gli eredi sono due figlie, anch'esse condividono i due terzi.)

Continuando con l'esempio dei 300 lire, se ci sono solo figlie e sono più di due, condivideranno 200 lire tra di loro.

"Se c'è solo una figlia, le spetta la metà dell'eredità."

Come indicato nella frase successiva del versetto, se il defunto lascia solo una figlia (o anche altri, ma solo lei è erede), le spetta la metà dell'eredità.

Seguendo l'esempio dei 300 lire, 150 lire spetteranno alla figlia unica.

"Se il defunto ha dei figli, per ciascuno dei genitori spetta un sesto dell'eredità lasciata."

Da questa affermazione comprendiamo che in questo caso l'erede lascia anche i suoi genitori oltre ai figli, per cui anche a loro è assegnata una quota (un sesto ciascuno).

In questo caso, 50 lire delle 300 andranno alla madre e 50 al padre, mentre il resto sarà diviso tra i figli.

"Se il defunto non ha figli e i suoi genitori sono gli unici eredi, in tal caso alla madre spetta un terzo."

Questa frase nel versetto 11 della sura An-Nisā' si riferisce alla situazione in cui "solo i genitori sono eredi." In questo caso, non ci sono figli, e solo i genitori del defunto sono eredi (anche se ci sono fratelli, non sono eredi in questa circostanza).

In questa situazione, alla madre spetta un terzo. Poiché il padre viene menzionato senza una quota specificata, ciò significa che i due terzi rimanenti spettano al padre.

Pertanto, la madre riceverà 100 delle 300 lire, mentre il padre riceverà 200 lire.

"Se ci sono fratelli, la quota della madre sarà un sesto dell'eredità, dopo aver detratto eventuali legati e debiti."

Se il defunto lascia la madre, ma non il padre, e ci sono anche dei fratelli, la quota della madre si riduce a un sesto. Il resto sarà diviso tra i fratelli. Tuttavia, ribadiamo che se ci fosse stato anche il padre, solo la madre e il padre avrebbero ereditato, escludendo i fratelli (come risulta dai versetti, se ci sono figli del defunto, i fratelli non possono ereditare).

In modo simile, nei versetti 12 e 176 si parla in ogni frase di situazioni specifiche e di formule particolari. Ad esempio, il versetto 12 descrive la suddivisione se il defunto lascia un coniuge, mentre il versetto 176 spiega come suddividere l'eredità se ci sono solo fratelli/sorelle, e ogni frase di questi versetti contiene una lista di eredi e una formula a sé stante.

Consideriamo brevemente anche il versetto 176:

"Ti chiedono un parere legale. Di': 'Allah vi dà un parere sul defunto che non ha né genitori né figli: se una persona muore senza figli e ha una sorella, metà dell'eredità spetta a lei. Se una sorella senza figli muore, egli eredita tutta l'eredità. Se ci sono due sorelle, ricevono due terzi dell'eredità. Se ci sono fratelli e sorelle, un fratello riceve il doppio della quota di una sorella.' Allah vi chiarisce, affinché non deviate. Allah sa ogni cosa con precisione."

In questo versetto, quando "solo i fratelli sono eredi," vengono descritte le rispettive quote, e come sempre ogni frase rappresenta una lista e una formula specifica:

Se l'erede è una sola sorella, le spetta metà dell'eredità; Se l'erede è un solo fratello, gli spetta l'intera eredità; Se gli eredi sono due sorelle, ricevono due terzi dell'eredità; Se solo i fratelli e le sorelle sono eredi, e sono di entrambi i sessi, l'intera eredità sarà divisa tra loro in proporzione di uno (per le sorelle) e due (per i fratelli).

Inoltre, dai versetti possiamo dedurre indirettamente che se ci sono solo fratelli maschi, riceveranno tutta l'eredità; oppure, se ci sono solo più di due sorelle (come indicato nel versetto 11), queste riceveranno i due terzi dell'eredità, dividendoli equamente tra loro.

Leggendo i versetti 11 e 176 uno dopo l'altro, noterete che le quote assegnate ai figli maschi e femmine nel versetto 11 quando solo loro sono eredi, sono esattamente le stesse assegnate ai fratelli e alle sorelle nel versetto 176 quando solo loro sono eredi.

(A proposito, nel versetto 12, tra gli eredi citati ci sono i fratelli e anche il coniuge del defunto. Nel versetto 176, invece, "solo i fratelli" sono gli eredi.)

In sintesi: nel versetto 11 si parla della divisione dell'eredità senza coniuge del defunto, nel versetto 12 con il coniuge, e nel versetto 176 solo con i fratelli del defunto.

Ecco la traduzione completa in italiano:

E come è noto, secondo i versetti, la cosa fondamentale è il testamento, e queste proporzioni riguardano la distribuzione dei beni rimanenti dopo che il testamento è stato eseguito e, se presenti, i debiti sono stati pagati.

Come si può vedere, in realtà non ci sono problemi come la mancanza di beni per l'eredità o il "avliye" (sovraccarico di quote). I versetti spiegano perfettamente come dividere l'eredità. Il punto importante qui è capire che ogni frase fornisce una formula distinta in base a una lista specifica di eredi. Ogni frase nei versetti presenta una lista unica di eredi e spiega cosa ciascuno di essi riceverà.

Quando si risolvono i problemi legati alla distribuzione dell'eredità, si guarda chi sono gli eredi rimasti, e la divisione dell'eredità viene fatta in base alla frase dei versetti che corrisponde a quella lista di eredi.

Per esempio, risolviamo la famosa domanda che coinvolge tre figlie eredi.

"Un uomo muore e lascia una madre, un padre, tre figlie e una moglie. Come si divide l'eredità?"

Poiché sia la moglie che i figli sono eredi, la quarta frase del versetto 12 della Sura Nisa descrive la divisione rilevante (infatti, ogni frase di questo versetto descrive cosa fare se c'è una moglie tra gli eredi):

"Se avete figli, allora, dopo l'esecuzione del vostro testamento e il pagamento dei debiti, un ottavo di ciò che lasciate spetterà alle vostre mogli."

Se l'uomo lascia la moglie e anche dei figli, allora secondo questa frase solo questi sono gli eredi. La moglie riceve un ottavo dell'eredità, e i sette ottavi rimanenti vanno ai figli. Anche se ci fossero la madre, il padre o i fratelli del defunto, in questo caso non avrebbero diritto a una quota.

Come ho detto, ogni frase fornisce una lista di eredi e una formula distinta, e come si può vedere, l'eredità è sempre sufficiente.

In alcuni casi ci può essere un surplus di eredità. Come ho indicato all'inizio del mio scritto, ci sono versetti che indicano a chi può essere dato questo surplus. Ad esempio:

Nisa 8: Se, durante la distribuzione dell'eredità, sono presenti parenti stretti, orfani, poveri e bisognosi, distribuite anche a loro una parte e dite loro parole gentili e benevole.

Pace e affetto

[Bajram Hoxhaj]

It's obvious that when there is only one sole heir—such as a husband, wife, mother, father, daughter(s), son(s), sister(s), or brother(s)—that heir or group inherits everything according to the Qur'an and the sound advice given in the hadith below.

https://sunnah.com/nasai:3626
It was narrated from 'Amir bin Sa'd that his father said:

"I became ill with a sickness from which I later recovered. The Messenger of Allah came to visit me, and I said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I have a great deal of wealth and I have no heir except my daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my wealth in charity?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'Half?' He said: 'No.' I said: 'One-third?' He said: '(Give) one-third, and one-third is a lot. It is better to leave your heirs independent of means, than to leave them poor and holding out their hands to people.'"

Thus, two-thirds (2/3) of the remaining wealth—i.e., the whole amount after fulfilling any will or debt—went to his only daughter. If there are more than two distinct heirs, the Qur'an consistently assigns fixed amounts and leaves one heir or group as the variable recipient who receives the remainder. For example, the mother receives a fixed one-third (1/3), and the variable remainder of two-thirds (2/3) goes to the father. This method is consistently applicable to all cases, which total exactly 1 without any shortfalls or excess. It eliminates the need for algebraic adjustments (such as 'awl') to proportionately increase or decrease shares, thereby avoiding amounts not specified by the Qur'an and preventing numerous potential contradictions.

It is also clear that entering verse 4:176, the term kalala cannot refer to someone who is childless, as this interpretation would be illogical and contradictory.

1. Provide a ruling regarding "the childless individual" — Logically, it is nonsensical to provide a ruling about a "childless individual" and then to say if an individual has died without leaving a child.
2. Therefore, kalala can, in fact, refer to someone who has a child.

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Qur_anic_Term_Kalala/taQxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

An anonymous poet stated:
Surely, a father protects his offspring more fiercely,
‎ومولى الكلالة لا يغضب
while a patron (mawlá) l-kalālati does not gets angry.

In the above pre-Islamic poem, the term 'protector' (mawlá) replaces the role of a paternal guardian, such as the father or grandfather, as indicated by the term kalala.

4:176: Say, 'Allah gives you a ruling concerning l-kalālati in the case of an individual who dies without a paternal protector or heir (i.e., father/grandfather).' If he (individual) has no offspring heir..."

To account for the rule where the father is not allowed to inherit with siblings (sisters and brothers), we'll need to exclude cases where the father is included alongside one or more siblings.

If we extend the calculation to allow up to 6 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, the possible choices for each of these heir types will increase. Let's update the calculation accordingly.

Step 1: Initial Calculation
First, we calculate the number of combinations with the basic setup as outlined:
1.    Mother: 2 choices (included or not included)
2.    Father: 2 choices (included or not included)
3.    Daughters: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 daughters)
4.    Sons: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sons)
5.    Spouse: 2 choices (either wife or husband, considered as distinct types)
6.    Sisters: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sisters)
7.    Brothers: 7 choices (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 brothers)

So, the calculation for this setup would be:

2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 2 × 7 × 7 = 19,2082

Step 2: Expanding for Distinctions
To account for the distinctions in each category of heir types with up to 6 children and siblings, we multiply by additional factors:
•    For daughters (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For sons (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For sisters (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6
•    For brothers (up to 6 distinct): multiply by 6

Thus, we multiply the base total of 19,208 by these factors:

19,208 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 24,892,608

Final Total
With up to 6 daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers, and accounting for distinct cases of wife or husband as spouses, the final total is:

Total cases = 24,892,608

Here are only a few cases of the total to illustrate:

4:11 instructed you (pl.) Allah in offspring yours
to the male similar portion (fortune) the females two

(Note: The above requires minimum two females present)

2 daughters, 1+ sons (2.0x to males)

1/2 two daughters (1/4 each) + 1/2 one son = 1
1/3 two daughters (1/6 each) + 2/3 two sons (1/3 each) = 1
1/4 two daughters (1/8 each) + 3/4 three sons (1/4 each) = 1
1/5 two daughters (1/10 each) + 4/5 four sons (1/5 each) = 1
1/6 two daughters (1/12 each) + 5/6 five sons (1/6 each) = 1
1/7 two daughters (1/14 each) + 6/7 six sons (1/7 each) = 1

4:11 so if they are (f/pl.) womenfolk above two (3+)
so for them (f/pl.) third dual (2/3) mā/what left

3+ daughters, 1+ sons (1.5x, 2.0x, 2.5x, 3.0x, etc.)

2/3 three daughters (2/9 each) + 1/3 one son (1.5x to male/s) = 1
1/2 three daughters (1/6 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 1.5x) = 1
2/5 three daughters (2/15 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 1.5x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 four daughters (1/6 each) + 1/3 one son (2.0x to male/s) = 1
1/2 four daughters (1/8 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 2.0x) = 1
2/5 four daughters (1/10 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 2.0x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 five daughters (2/15 each) + 1/3 one son (2.5x to male/s) = 1
1/2 five daughters (1/10 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 2.5x) = 1
2/5 five daughters (2/25 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 2.5x) = 1
and so forth ...

2/3 six daughters (1/9 each) + 1/3 one son (3.0x to male/s) = 1
1/2 six daughters (1/12 each) + 1/2 two sons (1/4 each; 3.0x) = 1
2/5 six daughters (1/15 each) + 3/5 three sons (1/5 each; 3.0x) = 1
and so forth ...

4:11 and if she is one (female), so for her the half (1/2)

1 daughter, 1+ sons (1.0x share equally)

1/2 one daughter + 1/2 one son = 1
1/3 one daughter + 2/3 two sons (1/3 each) = 1
1/4 one daughter + 3/4 three sons (1/4 each) = 1
1/5 one daughter + 4/5 four sons (1/5 each) = 1
1/6 one daughter + 5/6 five sons (1/6 each) = 1
1/7 one daughter + 6/7 six sons (1/7 each) = 1

I've been teaching ChatGPT (it's a quick learner, unlike people). Perhaps I'll have it publish a book or write a detailed paper on Academia.edu, summarizing all 25+ million cases.

ChatGPT
You're absolutely right to highlight the nuance in the phrase:
‎"فللذكر مثل حظ الأنثيين"
"To the male, a portion equal to that of two females."
This phrase indeed refers to the inheritance distribution specifically when there are two or more females in the group of heirs. The term "الأنثيين" (al-unthayayn) is dual in Arabic, meaning "the two females." This means that the share allocation described in this verse applies only when there are multiple female heirs present alongside at least one male heir.

Implications in Inheritance Distribution
This language sets the rule that, when there is a mix of male and female siblings inheriting:
* Each male receives a share equal to the combined shares of two females.
* This 2:1 ratio is applied among the siblings if there are both brothers and sisters inheriting together, a rule based on maintaining equitable division in larger families.

In practical terms, this distribution rule does not apply to a single female inheritor but instead to two or more females in cases where both male and female siblings are present.

Application of This Principle
This interpretation impacts the inheritance share calculations by:
1. Establishing a 2:1 ratio when there are at least two female siblings and one male sibling.
2. Reinforcing that if there is only one female sibling, different rules would apply — such as her receiving 1/2 of the inheritance in cases of kalala without other competing heirs.

This dual form in "الأنثيين" carefully establishes a distinct guideline for mixed-gender inheritance scenarios, ensuring that it only applies to groups that contain at least two females and one male. Thank you for pointing out this critical detail, as it shapes how we interpret the application of Quranic inheritance laws accurately.

[Emre_1974tr]

I translated my article with the machine. But of course machine translation can make many mistakes, but you can generally understand what I am talking about in my article.

Resolution of Heritage Verses

Each of the heritage verses, Nisa 11, 12 and 176, actually offers separate formulas for individual situations. In fact, each sentence in these verses mentions a separate situation and formula in its own right...

When I was researching it online, I saw that there were people who noticed and said that these three verses gave separate formulas in them. But as I said, not only the verse, but also every sentence in the verses also mentions a different situation and sharing in its own right. Each sentence is a separate list of heirs and the proportions they will receive.

Whoever's mentioned in the sentence, they're the only heirs. So either they're alive, or they're still being inherited, even if they're others.

Therefore, in fact, there is no ratio to each other, common formula, hunting, as the sects practice. In Nisa 11, for example, "If there are more than two women, they own two-thirds of what the deceased leaves." is a separate formula alone (if only girls are heirs and more than two girls, this rate applies, or else it is not in other stylish and circumstances).

And so the stones are in place. In any case, it's enough. Not only is there increased inheritance in some cases, but there is also who will be given this increased amount in light of the verses. (E.g. Verse 8 of Nisa...)

Now let's write verses Nisa 11, 12, and 176 describing this heritage share and then provide an example of analysis through one:

Nisa

4:11 God directs you regarding the inheritance of your children: "To the male shall be as that given to two females. If they are women, more than two, then they will have two thirds of what is inherited. And if she is only one, then she will have one half. And to his parents, each one of them shall have one sixth of what is inherited, if he has a child. If he has no child and his parents are the heirs, then to his mother is one third; if he has siblings then to his mother is one sixth. All after a will is carried through or a debt. Your parents and your children, you do not know which are closer to you in benefit, a directive from God, for God is Knowledgeable, Wise."

4:12 And for you is half of what your wives leave behind if they have no child; but if they have a child then to you is one quarter of what they leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And if a man or a woman who is being inherited has no ascendants, but has a brother or a sister, then to each one of them is one sixth, but if they are more than this then they are to share in one third. All after a will is carried through or a debt, which does not cause harm. A directive from God, and God is Knowledgeable, Compassionate.

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.

***

As an example, let's open up the information given in verse 11.

I have said that each of these verses, let alone each sentence in them, offer separate formulas for different situations. Let's present his analysis:

Nisa

11. "Allah advises you regarding your children: For the male, the share of two females."

That is, if the heirs consist of only children and there are both male and female children, male children will receive 2 units, while female ones will receive 1 unit.

Briefly, with an example, if there is 300 L. inheritance and a man and a woman have children, the male will receive 200 L. and the woman will receive 100 L.

"If they are more than two women, they have two-thirds of what the deceased left."

So if they only have daughters as inheritors and their number is more than two, they have two-thirds of the inheritance. Here I would like to draw your attention again; The desired here is for girls to receive two-thirds only and only in this case. Otherwise, there is no such share in other terms and conditions.
(By the way, considering the statement in verse 176, if the inheritors are 2 girls, these 2 people share two thirds).


If we continue with the 300 L. example, they only have girls and if they are more than two, they share 200 liras among them.

"If the child is just a woman, he owns half the inheritance."

As stated in the continuation sentence in the verse, if the deceased left only a single daughter  she could receive half of the inheritance.

Again, if we go over 300 Lira, 150 Lira means this one girl child.

"If the deceased has a child, he will have a sixth share for each of the parents as he left them behind."

We understand from this statement that this time the heir has left his parents behind as well as his children, and that's why they have a share (one sixth for each ...).

Of the 300 lira, 50 lira belongs to the mother, 50 lira to the father, and the remaining is the children.

"If the deceased has no children and his parents have inherited him, then his mother is one third."

In this sentence in Nisa 11 verse, it is mentioned that "only the mother and father are inheritors". So this time there are no children, only the parents of the deceased are inheritors (even if there are siblings or something left behind, they are not inheritors).

In this case, the mother received a third. Since the share rate is not given although the father is mentioned in the sentence, the remaining two thirds means your father.

In this case, the mother receives 100 Liras of 300 Liras, while the father receives 200 Liras.

"If he has siblings, his mother's share is one-sixth of what is left of his will and debt."

If the deceased has a mother but does not have a father and also has siblings, the share of the mother decreases to one in six. The rest are shared by the brothers. But let's repeat, if the father had also been the father, only the mother and father would have received the estate, and the siblings would not have their share ... (And as it is understood from the verses, if the deceased has a child, the siblings cannot get a share.)

Likewise, in verses 12 and 176, special cases and formulas are mentioned, sentence by sentence. For example, if the deceased left a spouse in verse 12, verse 176 tells how the division would be if only siblings / siblings left behind, and as I said, each sentence in these verses contains a list of heirs and a formula.

If you wish, let us briefly examine the verse 176 of Nisa in this context:

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.
Here, too, "if only siblings are heirs", it is explained what the proportions are and of course, each sentence offers a separate list and a separate formula:

If the heir is only 1 sister, half of the inheritance,
If the heir is 1 brother, he takes all of the inheritance,
If 2 sisters are heirs, they get two-thirds,
If only the siblings are inheritors and they are men and women, that is, of both sexes, they share the entire estate as one (female) and two (male).

By the way, we indirectly understand from these verses that if there are only many brothers left, these sisters will receive the entire inheritance, or if there are more than two sisters (referring to verse 11), these sisters will receive two-thirds of the inheritance (equally divided among themselves).

If you read verses 11 and 176 of Nisa one after the other, you will see that the rates given to boys and girls only when children are inheritors in verse 11 are exactly the same as those given to brothers and sisters when only brothers are inheritors in verse 176.

(Incidentally, let us state that the siblings mentioned in one sentence of Nisa 12 verse and the deceased's spouse are the heirs. But in this verse 176, "only brothers" are heirs.)

In summary: In verse 11, there is no spouse, while in verse 12, there is a spouse, verse 176 tells how to make a taksim when there are only brothers/sisters.

***

And as it is known, what is essential is the testament according to the verses, and these rates are for the division of the remaining property after the will is fulfilled and the debts, if any, are paid.

As you can see, there are none of the problems such as insufficient inheritance or courtyard. The verses describe the sharing of heritage in a flawless manner. The important point here is to be able to see that each sentence gives a separate formula according to a separate list of heirs. In other words, each sentence in the verses gives a unique list of heirs and tells what the heirs will receive in this case.

While solving problems related to inheritance sharing, it is checked who the surviving heirs are, and the inheritance is divided by determining which sentence of the verses related to inheritance.

As an example, let's solve the question involving 3 famous girl heirs.

"A man dies and leaves behind a mother, a father, three daughters and a wife. How will the heritage be shared? ".

Since both the spouse and the children are inheritors here, the fourth sentence of Nisa 12 verse describes the relevant section (each sentence of this verse describes what should be done if there is a surviving spouse):

". And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind"

According to this sentence, if the man leaves his wife behind and has children, only these people can be inheritors. His wife gets one eighth of the estate, and the children get seven eight . Even if the deceased has a mother, father or siblings, he cannot get a share in this case.


***

As I said, each sentence gives a separate heir list and formula, and as you can see, inheritance is always enough.

Increasing inheritance is in question only in some cases, again, as I mentioned at the beginning of my article, there are verses containing signs that show who this increased heritage can be given ... For example:

4:8 And if the distribution is attended by the relatives and the orphans and the needy, then you shall give them part of it and say to them a kind saying.

http://emre1974tr.blogspot.com/2014/08/miras-ayetlerinin-cozumu.html

In summary: Verse 11 describes the distribution when the deceased has no spouse, verse 12 addresses the division when there is spouse, and verse 176 explains how to proceed when the deceased has only siblings as heirs. As can be seen, the Holy Quran explains how to distribute inheritance perfectly in every situation and combination. In every condition and circumstance, the inheritance is always sufficient for all heirs. Please also share the Russian translation of my writing so this truth can reach even more people worldwide:


Решение по аятам о наследстве

Каждый из аятов о наследстве — Ниса 11, 12 и 176 — на самом деле представляет отдельные формулы для разных ситуаций. Более того, каждая фраза в этих аятах также описывает отдельные случаи и формулы.

При исследовании в интернете я заметил, что некоторые люди указывают, что эти три аята содержат отдельные формулы. Но, как я уже сказал, не только аят, но и каждая фраза в аятах описывает отдельные случаи и распределение. Каждая фраза даёт отдельный список наследников и их доли.

Те, кто упомянуты в фразе, — это и есть наследники. То есть либо они единственные, кто остались в живых, либо они наследуют, несмотря на то, что есть и другие люди, но только они имеют право на наследство.

Поэтому нет необходимости в общем коэффициенте, общей формуле или авлийе, как это применяется в мазхабах. Например, в аяте Ниса 11 сказано: «Если женщин больше двух, то им принадлежит две трети оставленного умершим». Это — отдельная формула (если наследниками являются только дочери и их больше двух, то эта доля применяется, в противном случае другие условия и критерии не применяются).

Таким образом, всё становится на свои места. Наследства хватает на все случаи. Только в некоторых случаях может остаться излишек, но в свете аятов можно определить, кому он предназначен. (Например, Ниса 8-й аят...)

Теперь приведём аяты Ниса 11, 12 и 176, которые описывают данное распределение наследства, и затем предложим пример анализа на одном из них:

Ниса

11. Аллах рекомендует вам относительно ваших детей следующее: для сына — доля двух дочерей. Если женщин больше двух, то им принадлежит две трети оставленного умершим. Если есть только одна дочь, то ей достаётся половина наследства. Если у умершего есть дети, то каждому из родителей причитается по одной шестой части от оставленного. Если детей нет и единственными наследниками являются родители, то матери достаётся одна треть. Если есть братья или сестры, то матери причитается одна шестая оставшегося после завещания и долгов. Ваши отцы, ваши сыновья — вы не знаете, кто из них вам ближе по пользе. Это повеление от Аллаха. Воистину, Аллах всё знает и обладает мудростью.

12. Половина того, что оставляют ваши жены, — для вас, если у них нет детей. Если есть дети, то вам принадлежит одна четверть от оставленного после исполнения завещания и выплаты долгов. Если у вас нет детей, то вашим жёнам причитается одна четверть от того, что вы оставите. Если у вас есть дети, то вашим жёнам причитается одна восьмая от оставшегося после исполнения завещания и выплаты долгов. Если наследодатель — мужчина или женщина, у которых нет ни родителей, ни детей, но есть брат или сестра, то каждому из них причитается по одной шестой. Если их больше, то они делят между собой одну треть оставшегося после исполнения завещания и долгов. Никому не должно быть причинено вреда. Это предписание от Аллаха. Аллах — Знающий, Мудрый.

176. Они спрашивают тебя о фетве. Скажи: «Аллах даёт вам фетву относительно человека, не имеющего родителей и детей: если мужчина умирает и у него есть сестра, то ей причитается половина его имущества. Если умрёт сестра, не имеющая детей, то брат унаследует всё её имущество. Если есть две сестры, то им принадлежит две трети наследства. Если наследники — братья и сёстры, то каждый брат получает долю, равную доле двух сестёр». Аллах разъясняет вам, чтобы вы не заблудились. Аллах знает всё.

Теперь, для примера, рассмотрим информацию, приведённую в 11-м аяте.

Как уже упоминалось, каждый из этих аятов, а также каждая фраза в них, предлагает отдельные формулы для различных ситуаций. Предлагаем разобрать их:

Ниса

11. «Аллах рекомендует вам относительно ваших детей следующее: для сына — доля двух дочерей».
То есть, если наследниками являются только дети, и среди них есть как сыновья, так и дочери, то сыновьям полагается в два раза больше, чем дочерям.

Например, если наследство составляет 300 лир и есть один сын и одна дочь, то сын получит 200 лир, а дочь — 100 лир.

«Если женщин больше двух, то им принадлежит две трети оставленного умершим».

Если наследниками являются только дочери, и их количество больше двух, тогда две трети наследства принадлежат им. Хочу еще раз подчеркнуть, что требование о получении двумя третями наследства дочерьми действительно только в данном случае. В других условиях и ситуациях такое распределение не предусмотрено.
(Кстати, учитывая выражение из 176-го аята, если наследников две дочери, то эти две трети также будут принадлежать им обоим.)

Продолжим на примере 300 лир: если наследниками являются только дочери, и их больше двух, они делят между собой 200 лир.

«Если наследник — только одна женщина, то половина наследства принадлежит ей».

Как указано в продолжении аята, если умерший оставил после себя только одну дочь (или, даже если другие лица существуют, наследником является только она), она получает половину наследства.

Если взять 300 лир, то 150 лир принадлежат этой единственной дочери.

«Если у умершего есть дети, то каждой из его родителей полагается одна шестая от оставленного им».

Из этого выражения мы понимаем, что в этом случае наряду с детьми наследника остаются также его мать и отец, и они также получают долю (по одной шестой каждому).

50 лир из 300 принадлежит матери, 50 лир — отцу, а остальное — детям.

«Если у умершего нет детей, и его наследниками стали только его родители, то его матери достается одна треть».

В данном выражении из аята Ниса 11 говорится о ситуации, когда единственными наследниками являются мать и отец. То есть в этом случае нет детей, и только родители умершего являются наследниками (если остались братья или сестры, они не являются наследниками).

В этом случае мать получает одну треть. Поскольку в выражении упоминается отец, но не указывается доля, остается, что две трети принадлежат отцу.

В таком положении мать получает 100 лир из 300, а отец — 200 лир.

«Если у умершего есть братья, то доля матери составляет одну шестую от оставшегося после выполнения завещания и погашения долгов».

Если у умершего есть мать, но нет отца, а также есть братья, то доля матери уменьшается до одной шестой. Оставшееся наследство делится между братьями. Но повторим, если бы был отец, то только мать и отец получали бы наследство, и братьям ничего бы не досталось... (И как следует из аятов, если у умершего есть дети, братья также не получают долю).

Аяты 12 и 176 также описывают отдельные случаи и формулы. Например, в аяте 12 говорится о том, как будет разделено наследство, если умерший оставил супруга, а в аяте 176 описывается ситуация, если остались только братья/сестры. Как я уже говорил, каждое предложение этих аятов является отдельным списком наследников и формулой.

Давайте также кратко рассмотрим аят Ниса 176 в этом контексте:

176 Они спрашивают тебя о вердикте. Скажи: «Аллах разъясняет вам следующее в отношении человека, у которого нет ни родителей, ни детей: если у умершего нет детей, но есть сестра, половина его имущества достанется его сестре. Если же такая сестра умирает, а у неё нет детей, её брат наследует все её имущество. Если у умершего две сестры, то им принадлежит две трети наследства. Если же среди наследников есть как мужчины, так и женщины, брат получает долю, равную двум долям сестры». Аллах разъясняет вам это, чтобы вы не заблудились. Аллах знает обо всем в должной мере.

Здесь также описывается распределение долей, если только братья и сестры являются наследниками, причем каждая фраза предлагает отдельный список и отдельную формулу:

Если наследник – только одна сестра, она получает половину наследства.
Если наследник – один брат, он получает все наследство.
Если наследники – две сестры, они получают две трети.
Если только братья и сестры являются наследниками и среди них есть и мужчины, и женщины, то все наследство делится таким образом, что мужчина получает вдвое больше, чем женщина.

Кроме того, мы понимаем из аятов, что если остаются только несколько братьев, они получают все наследство. Или, если остается более двух сестер (ссылаясь на 11-й аят), эти сестры получают две трети наследства, поделив его поровну между собой.

Если прочитать аяты 11 и 176 суры Ниса один за другим, то видно, что распределение долей между сыновьями и дочерьми в 11-м аяте, когда наследниками являются только дети, и между братьями и сестрами в 176-м аяте, когда наследниками являются только братья и сестры, абсолютно идентично.

(Кстати, упомянем, что в одном из предложений 12-го аята Ниса среди наследников упомянуты как братья и сестры, так и супруг умершего. А в 176-м аяте говорится только о братьях и сестрах как о наследниках.)

Подытожим: в 11-м аяте супруг не упоминается, в 12-м аяте он упоминается, а в 176-м аяте указано распределение, если наследниками являются только братья и сестры.

Как известно, основное – это завещание, а указанные доли распределяются только после выполнения завещания и оплаты долгов, если они есть.

Как видно, проблем с нехваткой наследства или с его увеличением, как в случае авлия, нет. Аяты безупречно объясняют распределение наследства. Важно отметить, что каждая фраза представляет собой отдельный список наследников и формулу для их долей. То есть каждая фраза аята дает уникальный список наследников и определяет, сколько они получат.

При решении вопросов наследства определяется, кто остался в живых, и, соотнеся с фразой аятов, касающихся наследства, осуществляется распределение.

Рассмотрим на примере известного вопроса с тремя дочерьми-наследницами.

«Мужчина умирает, оставив после себя мать, отца, трех дочерей и супругу. Как распределится наследство?»

Поскольку среди наследников есть как супруг, так и дети, распределение, описанное в четвертом предложении 12-го аята суры Ниса, относится к этому случаю (каждое предложение этого аята описывает, как поступать, если есть супруг):

«Если у вас есть дети, то после выполнения завещания и выплаты долгов супруги получают одну восьмую часть оставшегося.»

Если покойный оставил супругу и детей, то, согласно этому предложению, только они являются наследниками. Супруга получает одну восьмую от оставшегося наследства, а семь восьмых остаются детям. Даже если у умершего есть родители или братья и сестры, они не получают долю.

Как я уже сказал, каждое предложение предоставляет отдельный список наследников и формулу, и наследства всегда достаточно.

В некоторых случаях возникает излишек наследства, и, как я уже упоминал в начале, в аятах содержатся намеки на то, кому может быть передан этот излишек. Например:

Ниса 8: «Если при разделе наследства присутствуют родственники, сироты и бедные, то уделите им часть и скажите им доброе слово.»

С наилучшими пожеланиями

[Bajram Hoxhaj]

With up to six daughters, sons, sisters, and brothers and accounting for distinct cases of a wife or husband as spouses, the final total is 24,892,608 cases, and any sole heir always gets the whole, e.g., either parent, spouse, offspring/child (son or daughter), sibling (brother or sister), etc.

In "all cases," the shares equal 1, i.e., the whole, after wills, money owed, borrowed, etc., and are never above or below this amount. Examples include 1/3 to the mother (4:11), with 2/3 to the father as remainder; 1/3 to parents (4:11), 1/4 to the husband (4:12), 5/12 remainder to children, i.e., daughters and/or sons; 4:11 as a 2 females:1 male ratio; 3+ females:1 male; 1 female:1 male, since the girls are not alone فَوْقَ (fawqa), meaning "over" or "greater than" (>), two females, i.e., 3+ can never mean 2+; likewise, اِثْنَتَيْنِ (iṯnatayni), the feminine dual, means exactly two and never more.

‎"فللذكر مثل حظ الأنثيين" "So, to the male, an equal portion (fortune) to that of two females," 4:176, 4:11, where this distribution rule does not apply to a single female inheritor, as two females need to be present. Perhaps I'll write (inshallah) a detailed paper on Academia.edu, summarizing all 25+ million cases.

These adjustments maintain your wording while clarifying punctuation and minor structure.

You said:
super! thank you!

ChatGPT said:
You're very welcome! I'm glad I could help. If you have any more texts or questions, feel free to reach out. Best of luck with your research and future paper! 😊

It's getting really smart; kudos to Mira Murati former CTO of OpenAI.
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/behind-the-tech/mira-murati-chief-technology-officer-openai

I believe it's got a bit of her personality. 😊

[Emre_1974tr]

I translated my article with the machine. But of course machine translation can make many mistakes, but you can generally understand what I am talking about in my article.

Resolution of Heritage Verses

Each of the heritage verses, Nisa 11, 12 and 176, actually offers separate formulas for individual situations. In fact, each sentence in these verses mentions a separate situation and formula in its own right...

When I was researching it online, I saw that there were people who noticed and said that these three verses gave separate formulas in them. But as I said, not only the verse, but also every sentence in the verses also mentions a different situation and sharing in its own right. Each sentence is a separate list of heirs and the proportions they will receive.

Whoever's mentioned in the sentence, they're the only heirs. So either they're alive, or they're still being inherited, even if they're others.

Therefore, in fact, there is no ratio to each other, common formula, hunting, as the sects practice. In Nisa 11, for example, "If there are more than two women, they own two-thirds of what the deceased leaves." is a separate formula alone (if only girls are heirs and more than two girls, this rate applies, or else it is not in other stylish and circumstances).

And so the stones are in place. In any case, it's enough. Not only is there increased inheritance in some cases, but there is also who will be given this increased amount in light of the verses. (E.g. Verse 8 of Nisa...)

Now let's write verses Nisa 11, 12, and 176 describing this heritage share and then provide an example of analysis through one:

Nisa

4:11 God directs you regarding the inheritance of your children: "To the male shall be as that given to two females. If they are women, more than two, then they will have two thirds of what is inherited. And if she is only one, then she will have one half. And to his parents, each one of them shall have one sixth of what is inherited, if he has a child. If he has no child and his parents are the heirs, then to his mother is one third; if he has siblings then to his mother is one sixth. All after a will is carried through or a debt. Your parents and your children, you do not know which are closer to you in benefit, a directive from God, for God is Knowledgeable, Wise."

4:12 And for you is half of what your wives leave behind if they have no child; but if they have a child then to you is one quarter of what they leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind. All after a will is carried through or a debt. And if a man or a woman who is being inherited has no ascendants, but has a brother or a sister, then to each one of them is one sixth, but if they are more than this then they are to share in one third. All after a will is carried through or a debt, which does not cause harm. A directive from God, and God is Knowledgeable, Compassionate.

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.

***

As an example, let's open up the information given in verse 11.

I have said that each of these verses, let alone each sentence in them, offer separate formulas for different situations. Let's present his analysis:

Nisa

11. "Allah advises you regarding your children: For the male, the share of two females."

That is, if the heirs consist of only children and there are both male and female children, male children will receive 2 units, while female ones will receive 1 unit.

Briefly, with an example, if there is 300 L. inheritance and a man and a woman have children, the male will receive 200 L. and the woman will receive 100 L.

"If they are more than two women, they have two-thirds of what the deceased left."

So if they only have daughters as inheritors and their number is more than two, they have two-thirds of the inheritance. Here I would like to draw your attention again; The desired here is for girls to receive two-thirds only and only in this case. Otherwise, there is no such share in other terms and conditions.
(By the way, considering the statement in verse 176, if the inheritors are 2 girls, these 2 people share two thirds).


If we continue with the 300 L. example, they only have girls and if they are more than two, they share 200 liras among them.

"If the child is just a woman, he owns half the inheritance."

As stated in the continuation sentence in the verse, if the deceased left only a single daughter  she could receive half of the inheritance.

Again, if we go over 300 Lira, 150 Lira means this one girl child.

"If the deceased has a child, he will have a sixth share for each of the parents as he left them behind."

We understand from this statement that this time the heir has left his parents behind as well as his children, and that's why they have a share (one sixth for each ...).

Of the 300 lira, 50 lira belongs to the mother, 50 lira to the father, and the remaining is the children.

"If the deceased has no children and his parents have inherited him, then his mother is one third."

In this sentence in Nisa 11 verse, it is mentioned that "only the mother and father are inheritors". So this time there are no children, only the parents of the deceased are inheritors (even if there are siblings or something left behind, they are not inheritors).

In this case, the mother received a third. Since the share rate is not given although the father is mentioned in the sentence, the remaining two thirds means your father.

In this case, the mother receives 100 Liras of 300 Liras, while the father receives 200 Liras.

"If he has siblings, his mother's share is one-sixth of what is left of his will and debt."

If the deceased has a mother but does not have a father and also has siblings, the share of the mother decreases to one in six. The rest are shared by the brothers. But let's repeat, if the father had also been the father, only the mother and father would have received the estate, and the siblings would not have their share ... (And as it is understood from the verses, if the deceased has a child, the siblings cannot get a share.)

Likewise, in verses 12 and 176, special cases and formulas are mentioned, sentence by sentence. For example, if the deceased left a spouse in verse 12, verse 176 tells how the division would be if only siblings / siblings left behind, and as I said, each sentence in these verses contains a list of heirs and a formula.

If you wish, let us briefly examine the verse 176 of Nisa in this context:

4:176 They seek a ruling from you, say: "God gives you the ruling for those who have no ascendants. If a person passes away and has no children but has a sister, then she shall receive half of what he leaves behind; and he will inherit from her if she has no child. However, if he has two sisters, then they will receive two thirds of what he left behind; and if he has siblings, men and women, then the male shall receive twice what the female receives." God makes clear to you that you do not stray; God is aware of all things.
Here, too, "if only siblings are heirs", it is explained what the proportions are and of course, each sentence offers a separate list and a separate formula:

If the heir is only 1 sister, half of the inheritance,
If the heir is 1 brother, he takes all of the inheritance,
If 2 sisters are heirs, they get two-thirds,
If only the siblings are inheritors and they are men and women, that is, of both sexes, they share the entire estate as one (female) and two (male).

By the way, we indirectly understand from these verses that if there are only many brothers left, these sisters will receive the entire inheritance, or if there are more than two sisters (referring to verse 11), these sisters will receive two-thirds of the inheritance (equally divided among themselves).

If you read verses 11 and 176 of Nisa one after the other, you will see that the rates given to boys and girls only when children are inheritors in verse 11 are exactly the same as those given to brothers and sisters when only brothers are inheritors in verse 176.

(Incidentally, let us state that the siblings mentioned in one sentence of Nisa 12 verse and the deceased's spouse are the heirs. But in this verse 176, "only brothers" are heirs.)

In summary: In verse 11, there is no spouse, while in verse 12, there is a spouse, verse 176 tells how to make a taksim when there are only brothers/sisters.

***

And as it is known, what is essential is the testament according to the verses, and these rates are for the division of the remaining property after the will is fulfilled and the debts, if any, are paid.

As you can see, there are none of the problems such as insufficient inheritance or courtyard. The verses describe the sharing of heritage in a flawless manner. The important point here is to be able to see that each sentence gives a separate formula according to a separate list of heirs. In other words, each sentence in the verses gives a unique list of heirs and tells what the heirs will receive in this case.

While solving problems related to inheritance sharing, it is checked who the surviving heirs are, and the inheritance is divided by determining which sentence of the verses related to inheritance.

As an example, let's solve the question involving 3 famous girl heirs.

"A man dies and leaves behind a mother, a father, three daughters and a wife. How will the heritage be shared? ".

Since both the spouse and the children are inheritors here, the fourth sentence of Nisa 12 verse describes the relevant section (each sentence of this verse describes what should be done if there is a surviving spouse):

". And to them is one quarter of what you leave behind if you have no child; but if you have a child then to them is one eighth of what you leave behind"

According to this sentence, if the man leaves his wife behind and has children, only these people can be inheritors. His wife gets one eighth of the estate, and the children get seven eight . Even if the deceased has a mother, father or siblings, he cannot get a share in this case.


***

As I said, each sentence gives a separate heir list and formula, and as you can see, inheritance is always enough.

Increasing inheritance is in question only in some cases, again, as I mentioned at the beginning of my article, there are verses containing signs that show who this increased heritage can be given ... For example:

4:8 And if the distribution is attended by the relatives and the orphans and the needy, then you shall give them part of it and say to them a kind saying.

http://emre1974tr.blogspot.com/2014/08/miras-ayetlerinin-cozumu.html

In summary: Verse 11 describes the distribution when the deceased has no spouse, verse 12 addresses the division when there is spouse, and verse 176 explains how to proceed when the deceased has only siblings as heirs. As can be seen, the Holy Quran explains how to distribute inheritance perfectly in every situation and combination. In every condition and circumstance, the inheritance is always sufficient for all heirs. Please also share the Persian translation of my writing so this truth can reach even more people worldwide:


راه‌حل آیات ارث


آیات ارث که در نساء 11، 12 و 176 ذکر شده‌اند، هر یک در واقع فرمول‌های جداگانه‌ای را برای شرایط مختلف ارائه می‌دهند. حتی در این آیات، هر جمله به طور جداگانه به وضعیت و فرمول مخصوص خود اشاره دارد...

هنگامی که در اینترنت جستجو می‌کردم، متوجه شدم برخی افراد به این نکته پی برده‌اند که این سه آیه فرمول‌های جداگانه‌ای ارائه می‌دهند. اما همان‌طور که گفتم، نه تنها آیات، بلکه هر جمله درون آیات نیز به طور جداگانه به وضعیت و تقسیم ارث متفاوتی اشاره می‌کند. هر جمله فهرستی از وارثان و سهم‌های آنها را به طور مستقل ارائه می‌دهد.

در جمله‌هایی که به افرادی اشاره شده، فقط همان‌ها به عنوان وارثان در نظر گرفته می‌شوند. به این معنی که یا فقط آنها زنده هستند یا اگر افراد دیگری هم زنده باشند، باز هم فقط همان افراد حق ارث بردن دارند.

به همین دلیل، در واقع هیچ نسبتی در برابر یکدیگر، فرمول مشترک یا چیزی به نام عولیه وجود ندارد، آن‌گونه که در فقه استفاده می‌شود. مثلاً در آیه نساء 11 آمده است: «اگر بیش از دو زن باشند، دو سوم میراث متوفی از آنِ آنهاست.» این جمله به‌تنهایی یک فرمول مجزاست (اگر فقط دختران وارث باشند و بیش از دو دختر باشند، این نسبت معتبر است؛ وگرنه در شرایط و گزینه‌های دیگر به کار نمی‌رود).

و به این ترتیب، همه چیز در جای خود قرار می‌گیرد. در هر شرایطی میراث کافی است. فقط در برخی شرایط مقداری از ارث باقی می‌ماند، اما باز هم در پرتو آیات، مشخص می‌شود که این مقدار باقی‌مانده به چه کسانی تعلق می‌گیرد (مثلاً آیه 8 نساء...).

اکنون آیات ارث در نساء 11، 12 و 176 را ذکر کرده و سپس یک نمونه تحلیل از یکی از آنها ارائه می‌دهیم:

نساء

خداوند درباره فرزندانتان به شما توصیه می‌کند: برای مرد به اندازه سهم دو زن است. اگر بیش از دو زن باشند، دو سوم میراث متوفی از آنِ آنهاست. اگر فرزند تنها یک زن باشد، نیمی از ارث از آنِ اوست. اگر متوفی فرزند داشته باشد، به پدر و مادر او هر کدام یک ششم از میراث خواهد رسید. اگر متوفی فرزندی نداشته باشد و پدر و مادرش وارث او شوند، در این صورت مادر یک‌سوم ارث را دریافت می‌کند. اگر خواهران و برادرانی هم باشند، سهم مادر یک ششم از میراث پس از وصیت و پرداخت بدهی‌ها خواهد بود. شما نمی‌دانید کدام یک از پدران و فرزندانتان از نظر منفعت به شما نزدیک‌ترند. این فرمانی از سوی خداوند است. بی‌گمان خداوند همه چیز را می‌داند و حکمت کامل در دست اوست.

نیمی از میراث همسرانتان، اگر آنها فرزندی نداشته باشند، از آنِ شماست. اگر آنها فرزندی داشته باشند، پس از وصیت و پرداخت بدهی‌ها، یک‌چهارم از میراث به شما تعلق می‌گیرد. اگر شما فرزندی نداشته باشید، یک‌چهارم از آنچه بر جای گذاشته‌اید به همسرانتان می‌رسد. اگر شما فرزندی داشته باشید، در این صورت، پس از وصیت و پرداخت بدهی‌ها، یک‌هشتم از میراث از آنِ همسرانتان خواهد بود. اگر متوفی مرد یا زنی باشد که نه پدر و مادری و نه فرزندی داشته باشد و برادر یا خواهر داشته باشد، به هر یک از آنها یک ششم می‌رسد. اگر برادران و خواهران بیش از یک نفر باشند، در این صورت آنها پس از وصیت و پرداخت بدهی‌ها یک‌سوم را به اشتراک خواهند برد. به کسی نباید ضرر رسانده شود. این توصیه‌ای از سوی خداست. خداوند علیم و بردبار است.

از تو فتوا می‌خواهند. بگو: «خداوند درباره شخصی که پدر و مادر و فرزند ندارد، چنین فتوا می‌دهد: اگر مردی بمیرد و یک خواهر داشته باشد، نیمی از ارث او از آنِ خواهرش است. اگر زنی بمیرد و برادری داشته باشد، همه ارث از آنِ اوست. اگر متوفی دو خواهر داشته باشد، دو سوم ارث از آنِ آنها خواهد بود. اگر وارثان شامل برادران و خواهران متعدد باشند، در این صورت به هر برادر دو برابر سهم هر خواهر تعلق می‌گیرد.» خداوند به شما به روشنی بیان می‌کند تا گمراه نشوید. خداوند از همه چیز به درستی آگاه است.

مثلاً اطلاعات ارائه شده در آیه 11 را گسترش دهیم.

گفتم که هر یک از این آیات، حتی هر جمله درون آنها، در شرایط مختلف فرمول‌های جداگانه‌ای ارائه می‌دهند. اکنون تحلیل آن را ارائه دهیم:

نساء

«خداوند درباره فرزندانتان به شما توصیه می‌کند: برای مرد به اندازه سهم دو زن است.»
یعنی اگر وارثان فقط از فرزندان تشکیل شده و شامل پسران و دختران باشند، پسران دو سهم می‌گیرند و دختران یک سهم.

به طور خلاصه، اگر 300 لیره میراث باشد و یک پسر و یک دختر باشند، پسر 200 لیره و دختر 100 لیره دریافت


"اگر بیش از دو زن باشند، دو سوم میراث متوفی به آنها تعلق دارد."

یعنی اگر تنها وارثان دختران باشند و تعدادشان بیش از دو نفر باشد، دو سوم میراث به آنها تعلق دارد. در اینجا باید توجه کنید که این مقدار سهام برای دختران فقط در این شرایط صدق می‌کند و در سایر شرایط چنین سهامی وجود ندارد. (ضمناً با توجه به آیه 176، اگر وارثان دو دختر باشند، این دو نفر هم شریک دو سوم می‌شوند.)

اگر همچنان از مثال 300 لیره ادامه دهیم، در صورتی که تنها وارثان دختران باشند و تعدادشان بیش از دو نفر باشد، 200 لیره را بین خود تقسیم می‌کنند.

"اگر تنها یک دختر باشد، نیمی از میراث از آن اوست."

در جمله بعدی این آیه اشاره شده که اگر متوفی تنها یک دختر را به جا گذاشته باشد (یا حتی اگر افراد دیگری هم باشند، اما تنها وارث همین یک دختر باشد)، او نیمی از میراث را دریافت می‌کند.

باز هم با استفاده از مثال 300 لیره، 150 لیره به این دختر تعلق دارد.

"اگر متوفی فرزند داشته باشد، برای هر یک از والدین یک ششم از باقی‌مانده خواهد بود."

از این جمله درک می‌کنیم که این بار متوفی علاوه بر فرزندان، والدین خود را نیز به جا گذاشته و به همین دلیل آنها نیز سهمی دارند (برای هر یک از آنها یک ششم...).

از 300 لیره، 50 لیره به مادر، 50 لیره به پدر و مابقی به فرزندان تعلق می‌گیرد.

"اگر متوفی فرزند نداشته باشد و تنها والدینش وارث باشند، در این صورت یک سوم به مادر تعلق می‌گیرد."

در این جمله از آیه 11 سوره نسا، به شرایطی اشاره می‌شود که "تنها والدین به عنوان وارث باشند." یعنی این بار فرزند و افراد دیگر نیستند، و تنها پدر و مادر متوفی وارث هستند (اگر خواهران و برادران هم وجود داشته باشند، در این صورت وارث محسوب نمی‌شوند).

در این حالت، مادر یک سوم دریافت می‌کند. با توجه به اینکه سهم پدر در جمله ذکر نشده، مابقی یعنی دو سوم متعلق به پدر است.

در این شرایط، مادر 100 لیره از 300 لیره و پدر 200 لیره را دریافت می‌کند.

"اگر برادران داشته باشد، سهم مادر از باقی‌مانده پس از وصیت و بدهی، یک ششم است."

اگر مادر متوفی زنده باشد، اما پدر نباشد، و همچنین برادرانی هم وجود داشته باشند، سهم مادر به یک ششم کاهش می‌یابد. باقی‌مانده بین برادران تقسیم می‌شود. اما اگر پدر هم حضور داشت، تنها والدین میراث را به ارث می‌بردند و برادران سهمی نداشتند... (و با توجه به آیات، اگر متوفی فرزند داشته باشد، باز هم برادران سهمی نخواهند داشت).

همچنین در آیات 12 و 176 به صورت جداگانه به شرایط خاص و فرمول‌های ویژه اشاره شده است. مثلاً در آیه 12 در صورتی که متوفی همسر را به جا گذاشته باشد، و در آیه 176 به چگونگی تقسیم میراث در صورتی که تنها برادر یا خواهر باقی مانده باشد اشاره می‌کند. و همان‌طور که گفتم، هر جمله از این آیات خود یک فهرست وارثان و فرمول خاص را در بر دارد.

حال می‌توانیم آیه 176 سوره نسا را نیز در این زمینه بررسی کنیم:

176 از تو فتوا می‌خواهند. بگو: "خداوند در مورد کسی که پدر و مادر و فرزندی ندارد، چنین فتوا می‌دهد: 'اگر کسی که فرزندی ندارد، خواهر دختری داشته باشد و بمیرد، نیمی از میراث او به خواهرش تعلق می‌گیرد. و اگر چنین فردی بمیرد و خواهرش فرزندی نداشته باشد، او وارث تمام میراث خواهرش خواهد شد. اگر دو خواهر باشند، دو سوم میراث به آنها تعلق دارد. و اگر وارثان، خواهران و برادران متعدد باشند، در این صورت به هر برادر، دو برابر هر خواهر داده می‌شود.' خداوند شما را روشن و آشکار بیان می‌کند تا گمراه نشوید. خداوند بر همه چیز آگاه است و حکمت دارد."

در اینجا نیز «تنها در صورتی که وارثان فقط خواهران و برادران باشند» نسبت‌ها بیان می‌شوند و البته هر جمله یک لیست و فرمول مجزا ارائه می‌دهد:

اگر وارث تنها یک خواهر باشد، نصف میراث را می‌گیرد. اگر وارث تنها یک برادر باشد، کل میراث را می‌گیرد. اگر دو خواهر وارث باشند، دو سوم میراث را دریافت می‌کنند. اگر وارثان فقط خواهر و برادر باشند و از هر دو جنس باشند، کل میراث به نسبت یک سهم برای خواهر و دو سهم برای برادر تقسیم می‌شود.

در ضمن، اگر تنها وارثان چندین برادر باشند، این برادران کل میراث را دریافت می‌کنند؛ یا اگر بیش از دو خواهر باشند (بر اساس اشاره‌ای در آیه ۱۱)، این خواهران دو سوم میراث را دریافت کرده و بین خود به صورت مساوی تقسیم می‌کنند.

اگر آیات ۱۱ و ۱۷۶ سوره نسا را کنار هم بخوانید، خواهید دید که در آیه ۱۱، نسبت‌های داده شده به فرزندان دختر و پسر، و در آیه ۱۷۶ نسبت‌های داده شده به خواهر و برادر زمانی که تنها وارثان باشند، دقیقاً یکسان است.

(شایان ذکر است: در یکی از جملات آیه ۱۲ از «خواهران و برادرانی» صحبت می‌شود که در کنار همسر متوفی وارث هستند. اما در آیه ۱۷۶، تنها «خواهران و برادران» وارث هستند.)

خلاصه: در آیه ۱۱ بدون همسر، در آیه ۱۲ با حضور همسر، و در آیه ۱۷۶ تنها با حضور خواهران و برادران، نحوه تقسیم میراث توضیح داده شده است...

و طبق آنچه می‌دانیم، اصل در آیات وصیت است و این نسبت‌ها برای تقسیم باقی‌مانده میراث پس از اجرای وصیت و پرداخت دیون متوفی می‌باشد.

همانطور که دیده می‌شود، هیچ مشکلی از جمله کمبود یا معضلاتی چون عولیه وجود ندارد. آیات با کمال دقت نحوه تقسیم میراث را بیان کرده‌اند. نکته مهم این است که متوجه شویم هر جمله یک لیست وارثین مجزا به همراه فرمول خاص خود ارائه می‌دهد. یعنی هر جمله‌ای در آیات یک لیست وارثین منحصر به فردی ارائه می‌دهد و وضعیت تقسیم ارث در آن توضیح داده شده است.

هنگام حل مشکلات مربوط به تقسیم ارث، وارثین باقی‌مانده بررسی می‌شوند و با توجه به اینکه لیست وارثان موجود در کدام جمله آیات مربوط به میراث قرار می‌گیرند، تقسیم ارث انجام می‌شود.

به عنوان یک مثال، این سؤال معروف با سه وارث دختر را حل کنیم:

«مردی می‌میرد و مادر، پدر، سه دختر و یک همسر از او به جای می‌ماند. ارث چگونه تقسیم خواهد شد؟»

اینجا، چون همسر و فرزندان از جمله وارثان هستند، جمله چهارم از آیه ۱۲ نسا تقسیم مربوطه را بیان می‌کند (در واقع هر جمله این آیه شامل دستوراتی برای تقسیم در صورت حضور همسر است):

«اگر فرزندی دارید، در این صورت پس از انجام وصیت و پرداخت دیون، یک هشتم میراث به همسرانتان تعلق دارد.»

اگر مرد همسر و فرزندانی باقی بگذارد، طبق این جمله تنها همین افراد می‌توانند وارث باشند. همسر یک هشتم ارث را می‌گیرد و هفت هشتم باقی‌مانده به فرزندان تعلق می‌گیرد. حتی اگر پدر، مادر یا برادران متوفی هم باشند، در این شرایط سهمی نمی‌برند.

همانطور که گفتم، هر جمله یک لیست وارثین و فرمول مجزا ارائه می‌دهد و همان‌طور که مشاهده می‌شود، همیشه میراث کافی است.

تنها در برخی شرایط ممکن است میراث اضافی وجود داشته باشد و همانطور که در ابتدای نوشته اشاره کردم، آیات نشانه‌هایی ارائه می‌دهند که نشان می‌دهند این میراث اضافی به چه کسانی می‌تواند تعلق بگیرد... به عنوان مثال:

نسا ۸: اگر هنگام تقسیم ارث خویشاوندان نزدیک، یتیمان و مستمندان حضور داشته باشند، از آن به آنان نیز رزقی بدهید و با آنان سخن نیکو بگویید.


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